Programming Languages Lesson-1| Computer Update Class-VIII CBSE

Main Text

Programming Languages

Language is defined as human system of communication that uses arbitrary signals such as voice, sounds, gestures or written symbols.
Same as humans, computers also understand a special kind of language which is known as programming language.

Types of Programming Languages

There are mainly two types of programming languages:

1. Low Level Languages
2. High Level Languages

1. Low Level Languages

Low level computer languages are machine codes. Computers cannot understand instructions given in English.
It can only understand and execute instructions given in the form of machine language, i.e., language of 0 and 1.
There are two types of low level languages:

• a) Machine Language (First Generation Languages – 1GL):
  Machine language is also known as machine code.
  It is the elemental language of computers, comprising a long sequence of binary digital zero (0) and one (1), called bits.
  The output of any programming language ultimately becomes machine language.
  After writing a program, source language statements are compiled into machine code and stored as an executable file (.exe).
• b) Assembly Language (Second Generation Languages – 2GL):
  Assembly language was developed to overcome inconveniences of machine language.
  It uses mnemonic codes (like ADD, SUB) instead of 0’s and 1’s.
  This language is still difficult and requires practice.
  A language translator converts assembly instructions into machine code.

2. High Level Languages (Third Generation Languages – 3GL)

High level languages are closer to English language.
They use symbolic expressions and mathematical symbols, allowing one-to-many translation into machine language.
Examples: BASIC, COBOL, C, FORTRAN, etc.

Fourth Generation Languages (4GL)

4GL uses English-like statements like 3GL, but are even more human-readable.
Designed for non-programmers, these languages allow programmers to specify what the program should do, not how it should do it.
More work is done with less code.

Fifth Generation Languages (5GL)

5GL is based on the idea that a computer can solve problems by itself, once constraints are given.
Programmers describe the problem instead of providing a step-by-step solution.

Some Programming Languages

• BASIC
  Developed in 1964 by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz.
  Full form: Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
  Easy to learn, used for teaching programming.
  Example:

10 PRINT "Hello World!"  
20 END

Visual Basic
Developed by Microsoft, based on BASIC.
Used to write Windows applications.

COBOL
Full form: Common Business Oriented Language.
Old but widely used in business, payroll, and accounting applications.

C
Developed at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie in 1970s for UNIX systems.
Used for system and portable application development.

HTML
Full form: HyperText Markup Language.
Developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990.
Used for designing web pages with hyperlinks.

FORTRAN
Full form: FORmula TRANslator.
Developed by IBM in 1954, introduced in 1956.
One of the oldest programming languages.

JavaScript
Developed by Brendan Eich in 1995 (originally LiveScript).
Used to make web pages interactive, e.g., polls and quizzes.
Example:

<script language="JavaScript">
document.write('Hello World!');
</script>

Summary

Computers cannot understand human languages like English or Hindi. They use special languages called programming languages to understand and follow instructions. These languages help programmers to write commands that a computer can follow.

There are mainly two types of programming languages:

1. Low-Level Languages
   These are close to the machine. They use only 0 and 1 (binary code).
   • Machine Language: It is the first and most basic language. Hard to write and understand.
   • Assembly Language: Uses short words like ADD, SUB. Easier than machine language but still difficult.
2. High-Level Languages
   These look more like English. Easy to write and understand.
   They are converted into machine language by a translator.
   Examples: BASIC, C, COBOL, FORTRAN, HTML, JavaScript

There are also advanced languages:

• 4th Generation Language (4GL): Very close to English. Programmer tells what to do, not how to do. Needs less time and coding.
• 5th Generation Language (5GL): Based on solving problems using logic. No need to write full step-by-step code.

Examples of Programming Languages:

• BASIC: Easy language used for beginners.
• Visual Basic: Made by Microsoft, based on BASIC, used to make Windows programs.
• C: Powerful language, used in system software.
• COBOL: Used in business and accounting.
• FORTRAN: Used for scientific calculations.
• HTML: Used to create web pages.
• JavaScript: Makes web pages interactive.

A. Tick (✓) the correct option:

1. A programming language is a computer language that is used by the programmers to develop:
   → a. applications
2. Which language uses 0’s and 1’s?
   → b. Machine language
3. Which mnemonic code is used for subtraction?
   → a. SUB
4. Which of the following languages uses English-like language to write programs?
   → c. Fourth generation language

B. Write the full forms:

1. BASIC – Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
2. FORTRAN – FORmula TRANslator
3. COBOL – Common Business Oriented Language
4. HTML – HyperText Markup Language

C. Match the columns:

D. Write one line for each:

1. BASIC: It is a simple programming language developed in 1964 to teach programming.
2. Visual Basic: A Microsoft-developed version of BASIC used for building Windows programs.
3. C: A powerful high-level language used in system and application software, developed at Bell Labs.
4. HTML: A markup language used to create and design web pages.
5. JavaScript: A programming language used to make web pages interactive.

E. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a programming language?
   A programming language is a special language used by programmers to write instructions that a computer can understand and execute.
2. Write about the low-level languages and its types.
   Low-level languages are machine-friendly and close to hardware.
   Types:

• Machine Language (1GL): Uses 0 and 1, difficult to write, directly understood by computer.
• Assembly Language (2GL): Uses short codes (mnemonics) like ADD, SUB. Needs translator to convert into machine code.

3. Write about second generation languages.
   Second generation language is Assembly Language.
   It uses short alphanumeric codes instead of 0s and 1s. These are easier than machine language but still difficult. It needs translation into machine language for execution.
4. What are fourth generation languages?
   4GLs are programming languages that are close to human language and easier than 3GLs.
   They allow users to write programs using English-like statements. They require less effort and time.
5. What are fifth generation languages?
   5GLs are based on solving problems using logic and constraints, not step-by-step commands. The computer decides how to solve the problem.

HTM, CSS & JavaScript

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <title>Registration Form</title>
  <style>
    body {
      font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
      background: #f2f2f2;
      padding: 20px;
    }

    .form-container {
      max-width: 500px;
      margin: auto;
      background: #fff;
      padding: 25px;
      border-radius: 10px;
      box-shadow: 0 0 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
    }

    .form-group {
      margin-bottom: 15px;
    }

    label {
      display: block;
      font-weight: bold;
      margin-bottom: 5px;
    }

    input[type="text"],
    input[type="email"],
    input[type="date"],
    input[type="password"],
    textarea,
    select {
      width: 100%;
      padding: 10px;
      border: 1px solid #ccc;
      border-radius: 5px;
      box-sizing: border-box;
    }

    input[type="radio"] {
      margin-right: 5px;
    }

    input[type="submit"] {
      background-color: #007bff;
      color: white;
      padding: 10px 20px;
      border: none;
      border-radius: 5px;
      cursor: pointer;
      font-weight: bold;
    }

    input[type="submit"]:hover {
      background-color: #0056b3;
    }

    .error {
      color: red;
      font-size: 0.9em;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="form-container">
    <h2>Registration Form</h2>
    <form id="registrationForm">
      <div class="form-group">
        <label>Full Name:</label>
        <input type="text" name="fullName" required>
      </div>

      <div class="form-group">
        <label>Guardian Name:</label>
        <input type="text" name="guardianName" required>
      </div>

      <div class="form-group">
        <label>Gender:</label>
        <input type="radio" name="gender" value="Male" required> Male
        <input type="radio" name="gender" value="Female"> Female
        <input type="radio" name="gender" value="Other"> Other
      </div>

      <div class="form-group">
        <label>Date of Birth:</label>
        <input type="date" name="dob" required>
      </div>

      <div class="form-group">
        <label>Email:</label>
        <input type="email" name="email" required>
      </div>

      <div class="form-group">
        <label>Mobile Number:</label>
        <input type="text" name="mobile" pattern="[0-9]{10}" required>
      </div>

      <div class="form-group">
        <label>Address:</label>
        <textarea name="address" rows="3" required></textarea>
      </div>

      <div class="form-group">
        <label>ID:</label>
        <input type="text" name="userid" required>
      </div>

      <div class="form-group">
        <label>Password:</label>
        <input type="password" name="password" minlength="6" required>
      </div>

      <input type="submit" value="Submit">
    </form>
  </div>

  <script>
    document.getElementById("registrationForm").onsubmit = function(e) {
      e.preventDefault(); // Prevent actual submission

      // You can add any form validation or data processing here

      // Redirect to thank you page
      window.location.href = "thankyou.html";
    };
  </script>

</body>
</html>

thankyou.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <title>Thank You</title>
  <style>
    body {
      background: #e2f0cb;
      font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
      text-align: center;
      padding-top: 100px;
    }

    h1 {
      color: #333;
      font-size: 36px;
    }

    p {
      font-size: 18px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <h1>Thank You!</h1>
  <p>Your form has been submitted successfully.</p>

</body>
</html>